This scheme proved unpopular and confusing to many involved parties and was phased out. It was also partly to protect the Egba that the British shelled Lagos in 1851, expelled Kosoko, the reigning oba, and restored his uncle, Akitoye, who appeared more willing to join in a campaign to abolish the slave trade. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. A Hurst Publication. During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. As a practice, colonialism is traced to the1854 and 1855 conference at Berlin in Germany. It is still felt 56 years after it was officially announced death. They later discovered that the demand for palm oil was in fact stimulating an internal slave trade, because slaves were largely responsible for collecting palm fruits, manufacturing palm oil, and transporting it to the coast, whether by canoe or by human porterage. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Lugard informed the leaders of conquered Sokoto: The Fulani in old times [] conquered this country. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890". Motivations for Colonization - National Geographic Society Observers have pinned the 'humanity's worst mistake' label on several of history's major institutions, ranging from the adoption of agriculture to twentieth-century communism (Diamond Reference Diamond 1987; Economist 2009).In our assessment, the institution of modern colonialism - meaning the exploration, conquest, settlement, and political dominance of distant lands by European and . It was supported not only by the income from huge agricultural surpluses but also by a new range of direct and indirect taxes imposed during the 1950s. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. The election of the House of Representatives after the adoption of the 1954 constitution gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo, particularly in religious matters. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. To reduce costs, Lagos was administered first from Freetown in Sierra Leone, along with Gold Coast forts such as Elmina, and later from Accra (in present-day Ghana); only in 1886 did Lagos become a separate colony. A revelatory account of British imperialism's shameful impact on Africa's most populous state. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. [76], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. Africans come from Africa. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. A Review of "What Britain Did to Nigeria" by Max Siollun - Foreign Affairs History of Colonization in Africa | How Africa News However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. How did use of enslaved African people for labour develop? Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. 1 Economic Motives. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. Egypt) and titles (e.g. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. But the war had more concrete consequences. How Nigeria Was Colonized by the British: The Complete History In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. In time they captured Oba Ovonramwen and sent him into exile to Calabar, a town east of Benin. Europeans come from Europe. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. Offers a bold rethink: a clear-eyed, unromanticized history of colonial Nigeria written by a Nigerian. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result. [32] This included a river fleet which it used for retaliatory attacks on uncooperative villages. 1833 - The abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. The essential basis of this system was a money economy specifically the British pound sterling which could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". The aim of this paper, therefore, is to see among other things the British interest in the area referred to as Sokoto Caliphate, the crises and conflicts that ensued, the resistance put up by the people and the eventual conquest of the caliphate. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. However, the British East India Company was able to lay the foundation of an empire in the Indian sub-continent because, from a British perspective, of a fortuitous series of circumstances. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. June 30, 2022 . Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. Britain also annexed Freetown in Sierra Leone, declaring it a Crown Colony in 1808.[20]. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars, which the British won decisively - making the British the foremost colonial power. [61] John Anderson diplomatically suggested: If it is the necessity for formally submitting the drafts that hurts Sir F. Lugard, I should be quite prepared to omit that provision provided that the period of publication of the draft prior to enactment is extended from one month to two. 2. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. The British High Commissioners could depose emirs and other officials if necessary. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. The conference is popularly called "The Berlin Conference". Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA - keypoint Du Bois. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. SLAVE TRADE - Central Connecticut State University West Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) Siollun concludes with what he calls "the mistake of 1914": his view that the British resolution to join their northern and southern protectorates into one poorly integrated colony constitutes the single most consequential decision of colonial rule in Nigeria. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. 1819 - Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriacan low magnesium kill you. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. [11][12], The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day.[13]. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. necessitated by several factors. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa - ThoughtCo The Southern Protectorate financed itself from the outset, with revenue increasing from 361,815 to 1,933,235 over the same period. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. the British Government completed their assignment of conquest and came up with what they called the Amalgamation of Nigeria . To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. [10], Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. Motivation for European conquest of the New World In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. 12 tribes of israel family tree; why did poseidon often adopt the shape of a steed. That's human geography 101. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. Additionally. The Reconquista, or reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence and expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the failed Crusades. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. The Factors That Led to the Colonization of Africa by the Europeans [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of 25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. The CMS pioneered trade on the Niger by encouraging Scottish explorer and merchant Macgregor Laird to run a monthly steamboat, which provided transportation for missionary agents and Sierra Leonean traders going up the Niger. Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive . After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. Free shipping for many products! This was a case of plenty harvest but few hands to cultivate. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. The conquest and colonization of the Nigerian territory stirring up nationalist sentiments among the few educated elements mostly foreign educated Africans and liberated slaves, and later African students in Britain. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909. 3. PDF BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA - ResearchGate
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