They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. 77. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. Schemas and cognitive errors. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. The perspective is overly precise. 56. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. c. psychodynamic c. phallic stage. We see this in the case of reflexes. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. 30. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. Conditioning is when learning occurs. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. c. transference. a. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. 128. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. 57. d. reality principle. b. d. case studies. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. d. sociocultural. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. 129. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. d. displacement. c. superego. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. 63. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. 2.3.1.3. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. exposure therapy. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. b. rationalization. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? 163. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. 132. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. b. good long-term prognoses. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. c. gestalt therapy. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. Over time I learned that attention was good. They are tied to experiences early in life. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 24. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Describe observational learning and modeling. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. a. psychoanalysis. b. rationalization. b. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Figure 2.10. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Consider where students sit in a class. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. b. ego. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. 86. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. d. bipolar disorder. 2.3.2.1. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. b. negative transference. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. c. axons. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. d. Freud. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. 111. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. c. repression. b. 126. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. d. fixation. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? We will cover this process in three parts. Unconditioned means unlearned. b. ego. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. 14. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Models aid us with doing all of this. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. b. ego. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? 3. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? d. brain circuits. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? b. dendrites. c. sociocultural 2.3.3.6. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. 18. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Conditioning. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. 92. c. cognitive-behavioral Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 69. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 51. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. d. existential, 125. b. repression. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. b. 120. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com c. intellectualization. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. 2.2.1.4. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. 43. There are two main ways they can present themselves. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. 53. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. b. prevention. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. b. cognitive-behavioral. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 164. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. d. libido. d. humanists. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. Evaluating the cognitive model. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. d. cognitive-behavioral. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. 159. c. They explain outside influences and past events. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. b. modeling. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself.
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